Displaced but Determined: Youth, Diaspora, and the Ukrainian Story in Canada

Written by: Anna Bondar

What happens when your life changes overnight? When war displaces you, but your dreams still burn bright?

My name is Anna Bondar, and I am a Ukrainian from Kharkiv — a city that borders Russia and endures air raids and shelling almost daily. Despite living under the shadow of war, I, like millions of Ukrainians, choose to stay, study, and work for our future. Our lives are marked by uncertainty, but also by resilience, hope, and a profound love for our country. I am part of a generation determined to continue our education, build our communities, and contribute to victory — not only on the battlefield, but in the spheres of policy, culture, and civic engagement. Of course, there are many who have left the country for safety — and thanks to my internship with Mitacs at Soli*City, I have been able to research how these displaced Ukrainians, especially young people, rebuild their lives abroad, connect with local communities, and contribute to the fabric of Canadian society.

Over the last few weeks, I’ve met with Ukrainian youth in Canada. These are not just statistics or trauma survivors. They are entrepreneurs, students, caregivers, volunteers — diaspora in motion. At the heart of this movement lie the core themes of Solidarity and Sanctuary.

They left behind bombed homes, schools turned to rubble, and lives interrupted mid-sentence. But what they didn’t leave behind — and never will — is Ukraine.

Ukrainians are not just adapting – they’re building a future no war could steal.

Since the start of russia’s full-scale invasion, more than 298,000 Ukrainians seeking refuge have arrived in Canada, according to the Canada Border Services Agency. Under the Canada-Ukraine Authorization for Emergency Travel (CUAET) program – launched in March 2022 — Ukrainians fleeing the war were granted the right to urgently obtain a three-year work and residency permit, along with financial assistance and temporary free housing.

In total, the Government of Canada has received nearly 1.2 million applications for this visa, approving over 960,000 of them. Many arrivals have settled since 2022 in cities such as Toronto, Hamilton, and London. Over 72% of youth immigrants engage with Ukrainian-Canadian community services within their first three months. In these community organizations soup lines double as job boards;  church halls have become makeshift therapy rooms. What once was a church building is now a logistics hub — coordinating housing, language classes, and school supplies. And behind much of it? People, who choose to stand in solidarity with newcomers, who transform their compassion into concrete acts of care.

Across Canada, the Ukrainian diaspora has stepped up. Churches, universities, community centers, and even coffee shops have turned into places of solidarity and sanctuary (Vegreville pysanka, St. Michael’s Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Unique Ukrainian coffee shop, ect) . Mentorship programs pair newly arrived students with those who have been here longer. Volunteers organize carpool systems to help children get to school. In Brampton, youth are running donation drives. In Guelph, Saturday schools have doubled enrollment since 2022. These supplementary schools were created for Ukrainian children, giving them the chance to follow the Ukrainian curriculum alongside their Canadian education. Many young people are, in fact, studying in two schools at once – joining Canadian classrooms during the week and logging into lessons in Ukraine online. For families, it is not just about academics: it is a way of holding on to language, culture, and community, while building a new life in Canada.

Mental health concerns persist. Between immigration paperwork, part-time jobs, and survivor’s guilt, many students say they barely sleep. But despite their exhaustion,  they show up. They support each other. They whisper reminders in Ukrainian: «Ти не один.» (“You’re not alone.”). Peer-led circles have become sanctuaries, where people remember that they are still whole.

In quieter towns, the work of solidarity and sanctuary hums more gently. Moms bake paska (a traditional sweet Easter bread baked in Ukraine and shared with family and community) while teenagers recite Lesya Ukrainka’s verses (a renowned Ukrainian poet). Community events celebrate resilience through poetry, song, embroidery, and prayer. It’s not nostalgia but  survival. Identity passed hand to hand, like warm bread.

And when I asked young leaders what they want for the future – they didn’t just say “safety.” They said things like having a say, making their own choices — in other words, they asked for agency.

«We don’t want charity. We want chances.»
«Being displaced didn’t kill our culture, it exported it.»
«Home is where your voice is believed»

Let’s be honest: we are still in the middle of this story.
The war has not ended. Families are still under fire. People are still dying. Every day that passes is a reminder that freedom isn’t free – that solidarity and sanctuary must not be temporary.

Canada has given Ukrainians a lifeline. And Ukrainians are responding not just with gratitude — but with action.

This is not a sad story.
This is not a refugee story.
This is a Ukrainian story — brave, brilliant, defiant, and grateful.


Based on anonymized interviews and observations from Ukrainian communities in Toronto, Hamilton, London, Brampton, and Guelph. 

Anna Bondar is a Master’s student in International Relations with strong academic achievements and hands-on experience in youth policy, migration studies, and international cooperation. She has completed internships at the All-Ukrainian Youth Center in Kyiv and in Toronto, focusing on youth empowerment and the challenges of Ukrainian migration during the war. As a Young European Ambassador, she actively contributed to intercultural dialogue and civic engagement, while aspiring to build a career in diplomacy and strengthen Ukraine’s role in the international arena.

“Our Doors Are Always Open”: A Conversation on Migrant Justice, Sanctuary, and Solidarity with FCJ Refugee Centre

An Interview with Diana Gallego and Tsering Lhamo

By Leny Rose Simbre and Maria Jose Rangel

June 11, 2025

FCJ Refugee Centre is a Toronto-based organization that has been at the forefront of advocating for the rights and dignity of refugees and precarious migrants. It offers a wide range of programs including legal support, transitional housing, access to healthcare and education, mental health services, youth leadership initiatives, and training for frontline workers. We  spoke with Diana Gallego and Tsering Lhamo, co-executive directors of FCJ, about the Centre’s mission and its rooted approach to migrant justice. In this interview, we explored FCJ’s transformative work, shaped by care activism, relational solidarity, and a fierce commitment to systemic change. What follows is a story of leadership from lived experience, a sanctuary sustained by community mobilization, and a vision of a Toronto where no one is left behind.

The FCJ Refugee Centre  at 208 Oakwood Ave, Toronto, a welcoming space offering vital support and advocacy for refugees and precarious migrants in the city (Photo Credits to Jovana Blagovcanin of FCJ)

A Legacy of Dignity and Action

“FCJ was born from the struggles of newcomers,” Diana and Tsering told us. “In 1991, Loly Rico and Francisco Rico-Martínez opened the doors for women, children, and families who had nowhere else to go. That mission continues today.” 

Francisco, a pacifist revolutionary and human rights lawyer from El Salvador, and Loly, also from El Salvador, a physiotherapist with a background in social justice, arrived in Canada as refugees in 1990, fleeing civil war. Drawing from their own lived experiences and supported by the Sisters of Faithful Companions Of Jesus, a support of Religion Charity, they founded the FCJ Refugee Centre in 1991. For decades, they provided shelter, advocacy, and community to displaced people. After Francisco’s passing in 2021, Loly continued to lead the Centre, guided by the same commitment to dignity and protection that shaped its beginnings.


Tsering mentioned that the values of dignity, justice, solidarity, and compassion are woven through every program:  from housing support and legal aid to education access and mental health services, FCJ meets migrants where they are. The Centre offers not only essential services but also a sense of community and advocacy—core pillars of a broader justice movement that continues to uplift the most vulnerable.

Leading With Lived Experience

Both Diana and Tsering bring personal migration journeys to their leadership positions at FCJ. These experiences have shaped not only their empathy but also their strategic and political approach to advancing migrant justice, building inclusive support systems, and challenging structural barriers faced by refugees, precarious migrants, and non-status individuals in Canada.


Diana, a trained lawyer and former refugee, explains that her leadership is deeply informed by her personal journey to Canada: “I understand what it means to be invisible. My work is about making people visible again.” Diana described how her own journey, from arriving in Canada with her family to volunteering at FCJ, has led her to embrace migrant rights as a lifelong commitment.


Tsering adds: “As a Tibetan refugee, I know how trauma, displacement, and survival intersect. This work isn’t abstract—it’s personal.” She reflected on the fear and hope that come with starting over: “When you’ve lived in limbo yourself, you understand what people need, not just legally, but emotionally.”

Their leadership model is grounded in closeness and shared experience rather than traditional hierarchies, reflecting a deep understanding of the power that comes from within the community.

Care Activism and Relational Solidarity

One of the most compelling frameworks that FCJ applies to their service provision is care activism, a model that goes beyond service delivery to center human dignity, emotional support, and political empowerment. “We see people not just as clients, but as whole beings,” Tsering explains. “Their struggles, strengths, and stories guide how we respond.”


This approach builds trust and long-term relationships between clients such as refugees and migrant workers that access FCJ’s services. Whether it’s organizing community events, responding to family crises, or standing in protest, FCJ sees activism as care, and care as activism. This philosophy is reflected in their mutual aid practices, where building meaningful relationships means offering consistent support, listening deeply, and standing with people through every step of their journey.

Toronto as a “Sanctuary City”: Promise vs. Practice

Though Toronto is officially designated as a “Sanctuary City” in 2013, Diana and Tsering highlighted the gaps between policy and lived experience of their clients. Many migrants with precarious status and refugees still face barriers to accessing basic services like healthcare, housing, and education.

Being labeled a “Sanctuary City” is not enough; true safety requires real, equitable and meaningful access, not just symbolic policy and promises. While Toronto has adopted the AccessTO policy, many migrants still hesitate to access services due to ongoing fears of surveillance, data sharing, and institutional exclusion. FCJ Refugee Centre works daily to bridge these gaps, offering direct, practical support to precarious migrants and refugees, while simultaneously advocating for systemic and lasting change at both the municipal and federal levels. 

Intersectionality in Action

FCJ’s work intentionally responds to the layered vulnerabilities faced by racialized women, LGBTQ+ migrants, and non-status youth. Rather than offering one-size-fits-all solutions, the Centre adapts its services to meet the evolving needs of each group, offering safe spaces, tailored legal advice, and psychosocial or mental support that recognizes the intersections of identity and status.
 

Their legal clinic has expanded to support women facing gender-based violence, while their youth-led networks advocate for undocumented students navigating school systems without ID.  “No one fits in one box,” Tsering notes. “We work holistically because our communities are navigating overlapping struggles.”

During our interview, Tsering and Diana also recounted that during the COVID-19 pandemic, FCJ became a lifeline for migrants who were excluded from federal support programs, especially those working in essential roles such as hospital cleaners, caregivers, and grocery store workers.

 “They kept the city running but were treated as disposable,” Diana recalls. “So, we pushed the City of Toronto to provide income support for undocumented workers. And they did.”
 

This was not the first time that FCJ had successfully advocated for policy change. When the Harper government in 2012 cancelled the Interim Federal Health Program, FCJ established its own health clinic to serve refugees and undocumented individuals—a move that not only filled a policy gap in Toronto but affirmed the right to health as a basic human right for all, regardless of status.

A Shared Vision with Soli*City

Diana and Tsering see the Soli*City project of Toronto Metropolitan University, led by Prof. Harald Bauder, as a valuable and impactful partner in their mission. The collaboration has offered FCJ tools to enhance their programs and a comparative lens to learn from other global contexts.

They hope projects like Soli*City will push the broader public and policymakers to reimagine migration not as a crisis, but as a catalyst for community resilience and transformation. “It helps us show the city and policymakers what works,” says Tsering, who is part of the project’s steering committee. “It gives us the language and data to advocate for a city that welcomes everyone, not just on paper, but in practice,” she added.

A Call to Action

When asked what message they would most want non-migrants to hear, both directors were clear: migrant justice demands more than good intentions. It requires structural change, policy courage, and above all, a willingness to keep doors open.


“Toronto can be truly inclusive if we stop leaving people behind, especially those with precarious or no status. Solidarity means showing up, speaking up, and staying committed,” says Tsering.

 “It’s a city where people don’t need an ID to access food banks or shelters,” Diana says. “A city where non-status youth can go to school, and where the contributions of migrants are recognized, not criminalized.”

Tsering also emphasizes learning from Indigenous communities:

We are all settlers here. Migrants deserve to feel safe. Sanctuary is not a favour—it’s a responsibility.”

Here’s how you can support FCJ’s work:

  • Speak up for education rights by raising awareness on campus about the barriers undocumented children face in accessing schooling.
  • Volunteer with FCJ to support racialized women and LGBTQ+ migrants through peer-led initiatives.
  • Help organize fundraisers or donation drives to help expand FCJ’s legal clinic and youth-led programs.
  • Join FCJ’s advocacy campaigns and events to learn, network, and build solidarity with migrant youth, students and community organizers.

 To learn more, visit www.fcjrefugeecentre.org, follow FCJ on social media, or drop by their Centre to connect. Justice starts with listening, organizing, and most of all, keeping the doors open.

Leny Simbre and Maria Jose Rangel Gutierrez in conversation with Diana Gallego and Tsering Lhamo, Co-Executive Directors of FCJ Refugee Centre, during an interview for the Soli*City Blog post. 


Leny Rose Simbre is a community-based researcher and advocate with expertise in migrant justice, particularly in the areas of migrant care work, social movements, international students, temporary labour migration, and participatory, socially engaged research. She holds a BA Honours in Human Rights and Equity Studies from York University and previously worked as a Research Project Coordinator at the York Centre for Asian Research. She is currently pursuing her MA in Immigration and Settlement Studies at Toronto Metropolitan University. Leny is a research assistant with the Soli*City project, a member of the 2024–2025 Bridging Divides Student Cohort, and a regular contributor to The Philippine Reporter, a Toronto-based print and online media outlet.

Maria Jose Rangel Gutierrez is a student of International Relations at the Guadalajara University with a focus on Latin American foreign policy, global governance, and migration. She has actively participated in academic diplomacy and recently took part in the 2025 ECOSOC Youth Forum at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Maria Jose has collaborated on interdisciplinary research projects related to urban development, climate, and human mobility. She is currently supporting faculty-led investigations aimed at improving institutional approaches to academic motivation in research. Passionate about civic engagement, she contributes to projects at the intersection of civil society, government, and academia.

Solidarity in Practice: The Toronto Soli*darity Access Guide

Author: Vida Carranza Capote

The Soli*City ‘Toronto Soli*darity Access Guide’ online pamphlet, accessible online and in print.

In 2013, the City of Toronto adopted the Access TO policy, positioning itself as a “Sanctuary City”, the first in Canada to make such a commitment. This policy was meant to ensure that all Toronto residents, regardless of immigration status, could access municipal services without fear of being asked about their status or having their information shared with federal immigration enforcement. The vision was bold and hopeful: a city where no one would be denied care, shelter, or support due to where they were born or how they arrived.

More than a decade later, there remains a gap between what the policy promises and how it plays out in everyday life. Due to funding restrictions, inconsistent application of the policy, and various service delivery barriers, the process of accessing services for immigrants with precarious status is often filled with confusion, fear, and exclusion.  

The Soli*City team, with the support and guidance of our community partners, has been working to develop the Toronto Soli*darity Access Guide in direct response to the realities faced by precarious status immigrants in the city. We focused on including low-barrier services that offer services regardless of immigration status, do not require an Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) card or identification, and are grounded in community care. The guide includes service categories like health, mental health, legal aid, housing support, food access, gender-based violence support, youth services, and more. The digital version of the Soli*darity Access Guide includes an interactive map that allows users to easily locate nearby services by category. Designed to be mobile-friendly and intuitive, the map helps precarious status residents find safe, accessible support in their area.

The interactive OpenStreetMap of soli*darity resources in Toronto

Creating this guide was a months-long process involving direct outreach. We connected with staff across dozens of organizations, calling, emailing, and following up to verify intake practices and clarify often ambiguous policies. Along the way, we witnessed what solidarity can look like in action. Staff took time to engage with our questions and shared candid insights into the barriers faced by undocumented clients. Ultimately, we compiled a list of over 25 organizations across Toronto that are committed to providing services to all residents, regardless of immigration status.

We are especially grateful to the FCJ Refugee Centre and the MRCC, whose early guidance and insights helped shape our project. Their longstanding expertise in supporting undocumented communities played a foundational role in developing this guide.

The Toronto Soli*darity Access Guide is available in both print and digital formats to meet diverse accessibility needs. The digital version includes an interactive map for easy navigation, while the print version will be distributed through partnering solidarity organizations across Toronto to share directly with the communities they support.

We hope this guide will become a trusted tool for anyone navigating or supporting others through Toronto’s often confusing service landscape. It will offer clear and verified information on services and help frontline workers locate resources to support clients within their organizations. 

In a moment when sanctuary status is often symbolic and threatened by political shifts, community-led tools like this are essential. They remind us that protection doesn’t come from policy alone; it comes from networks of care, solidarity, and collective action.

Sanctuary is about creating systems where people feel safe, valued, and supported, regardless of the documents they carry. It means making sure undocumented people aren’t just surviving but can live, work, rest, and belong.

We invite you to read the guide, share it with your networks, use it in your organization, and help us make it better. Because a real sanctuary is not a one-time policy decision, it’s an ongoing practice and commitment.


Leny Rose Simbre is a community-based researcher and advocate specializing in migrant justice, care work, and temporary labour migration. She is a graduate student in Immigration and Settlement Studies at Toronto Metropolitan University, a research assistant with the Soli*City partnership, and a member of the 2024–2025 Bridging Divides Student Cohort. Leny’s dedicated contributions were instrumental in shaping the Toronto Soli*Darity Access Guide.

Vida Carranza Capote is a graduate student in Immigration and Settlement Studies at Toronto Metropolitan University, a research assistant with the SoliCity Partnership project, and a member of the 2024–2025 Bridging Divides Student Cohort. With a background in sociology and emerging experience in community-based approaches, her work focuses on migrant health, precarious status, and equitable service access. As part of the SoliCity research team, Vida collaborated closely with community partners to develop the Toronto Soli*Darity Access Guide.

Explorando las Ciudades Santuario en América Latina: Una Entrevista con la Dra. Carolina Stefoni

Autora: Vida Carranza Capote, estudiante de maestria en Estudios de Inmigración y Asentamiento en Toronto Metropolitan University y Asistente de Investigación en Soli*City

Las ciudades santuario han sido ampliamente debatidas en América del Norte y Europa, pero ¿cómo abordan las ciudades latinoamericanas la inclusión de migrantes y la solidaridad urbana? El Hub de América Latina de Soli* City ha estado llevando a cabo un extenso trabajo de campo en Chile, Argentina y otros países para comprender mejor cómo los gobiernos locales y las organizaciones implementan prácticas de santuario urbano, solidaridad y hospitalidad para acoger a migrantes y refugiados en situación de vulnerabilidad.

Exploramos cómo su investigación se alinea con temas de identidad, pertenencia e inmigración, y qué lecciones pueden extraerse para construir políticas urbanas más inclusivas. En esta entrevista, nos sumergimos en la investigación en curso del Hub con la Dra. Carolina Stefoni, co-investigadora de la asociación Soli* City y miembro del Hub de América Latina.

P: ¿Podrías brindarnos una visión general de los proyectos actuales en los que está trabajando el Hub Latinoamericano?

R: En función del proyecto, lo que hemos estado haciendo es trabajo de campo en Santiago de Chile, en distintas comunas del norte y en la zona central. Hay varios factores involucrados en temas de convivencia. En Chile no existe el concepto de ciudades santuario, pero ha habido algunas iniciativas interesantes y valiosas a nivel de gobiernos locales.

Hemos estado realizando entrevistas cualitativas, que han sido muy enriquecedoras. Entrevistamos a gobiernos locales, organizaciones sociales y representantes del Ministerio del Interior, quienes gestionan programas sociales para la población migrante a nivel territorial. En total, recopilamos más de 40 entrevistas, todas ya transcritas y actualmente en proceso de codificación, lo cual esperamos completar en marzo.

 Hemos estado realizando entrevistas cualitativas, que han sido muy enriquecedoras. Entrevistamos a gobiernos locales, organizaciones sociales y representantes del Ministerio del Interior, quienes gestionan programas sociales para la población migrante a nivel territorial. En total, recopilamos más de 40 entrevistas

-Dr. Stefoni

Paralelamente, estamos colaborando con un equipo de FLACSO Argentina. Ha sido muy interesante porque estamos trabajando en conjunto y aplicando la misma pauta de entrevistas en Buenos Aires, Córdoba y algunas en Mendoza. En Argentina, también recopilamos entrevistas con los mismos actores: gobiernos locales, organizaciones sociales e internacionales. Ya fueron transcritas y estamos codificándolas con el mismo sistema, lo que nos permitirá hacer una buena comparación entre ambos países.

Además, hemos establecido contacto con investigadores de República Dominicana para iniciar el trabajo allí en 2025. En Brasil, también nos vinculamos con un equipo que investiga ciudades santuario, y un estudiante de doctorado viajará a Santiago para colaborar con nosotros. La idea es que, a través de estos contactos, podamos llevar a cabo entrevistas en Brasil.

P: ¿Cómo se alinea la investigación del Hub America Latina con temas como identidad, pertenencia e inmigración?

R: Estamos trabajando con población migrante, pero hasta ahora no hemos realizado entrevistas directas con personas migrantes. Más bien, nos hemos centrado en entrevistar a organizaciones y gobiernos locales que trabajan con esta población.

Aún no tenemos resultados concretos, por lo que no puedo responder con certeza cómo se abordan los temas identitarios a nivel local. Sin embargo, una de nuestras preguntas clave es si las administraciones locales incorporan o no una perspectiva intercultural en su gobernanza.

Mi impresión es que, en muchos municipios, existen oficinas específicas para la atención a migrantes. Estas oficinas buscan responder a sus demandas, pero también hay un esfuerzo por transversalizar la situación migratoria en los distintos servicios municipales. Aquí es donde veo una tensión entre dos enfoques: uno que atiende la situación migratoria de forma específica y otro que busca incorporar a los migrantes dentro de los programas generales dirigidos a toda la población.

P: ¿Están estudiando grupos particulares dentro de las ciudades santuario o su enfoque es más general?

R: Nuestro enfoque varía según los territorios específicos. En la Región Metropolitana de Chile, seleccionamos comunas como Recoleta, que históricamente ha recibido a muchos migrantes. Allí, analizamos los programas implementados por el gobierno local para esta población.

También estudiamos Iquique, una comuna clave en el norte del país, para examinar qué acciones se implementan allí. Entonces, aunque mantenemos una mirada general sobre la política migratoria, nuestro trabajo baja al nivel de los gobiernos locales para entender qué están haciendo concretamente en estos territorios.

P: ¿Cómo contribuye la investigación del Hub America Latina a la misión más amplia de Soli*City en la construcción de ciudades santuario y políticas urbanas?

R: Creo que aún estamos en una fase de diagnóstico para entender hacia dónde va la situación en América Latina. En Chile, por ejemplo, hemos identificado una falta de comprensión sobre el concepto de ciudades solidarias y sobre cómo incorporar la migración a nivel urbano.

Si bien en Argentina y Brasil la situación es un poco diferente, en general estamos lejos de contar con políticas estructuradas para la inclusión de migrantes en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Por eso, nuestro trabajo será interesante para analizar qué problemas han sido resueltos y cuáles no, y para explorar qué estrategias podrían implementarse en distintos contextos latinoamericanos, considerando que estos son muy diferentes a los de Europa, Norteamérica o Canadá.

Estamos lejos de contar con políticas estructuradas para la inclusión de migrantes en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Por eso, nuestro trabajo será interesante para analizar qué problemas han sido resueltos y cuáles no, y para explorar qué estrategias podrían implementarse en distintos contextos latinoamericanos

-Dr. Stefoni

P: ¿En qué aspectos cree que el trabajo que están realizando podría influir en soluciones comunitarias y en la política de ciudades santuario?

R: Las ciudades latinoamericanas tienen particularidades muy distintas a las del Norte Global. Un factor clave es la informalidad: tanto en la economía como en las soluciones habitacionales. Más que proponer soluciones inmediatas, nuestro objetivo es problematizar los enfoques actuales. La realidad es que, cuando hay economías altamente informales y precariedad laboral y habitacional, pensar en ciudades santuario requiere estrategias diferentes.

Por otro lado, hay experiencias solidarias que merecen más atención. No necesariamente relacionadas con la población migrante, sino con la propia población local que vive en condiciones de precariedad. Por ejemplo, en Chile y otras ciudades latinoamericanas, existen iniciativas como las ollas comunes, que resurgieron con fuerza durante la pandemia. La gente se organiza para cocinar colectivamente, cada quien aporta lo que puede y se alimenta a muchas personas.

También hay redes de cuidado infantil y el trabajo de organizaciones religiosas, que históricamente han apoyado a comunidades vulnerables. Estas iniciativas han estado dirigidas a la población local en situación de pobreza, pero la pregunta clave es: ¿cómo se incorpora la diversidad migrante en estas redes de solidaridad?

Estas iniciativas han estado dirigidas a la población local en situación de pobreza, pero la pregunta clave es: ¿cómo se incorpora la diversidad migrante en estas redes de solidaridad?

-Dr. Stefoni

Lo que me interesa destacar es que ya existen expresiones de solidaridad en América Latina, pero el desafío es cómo integrarlas a contextos cada vez más diversos. Es un tema clave para pensar hacia el futuro.

La investigación en curso del Hub de América Latina está arrojando luz sobre las complejidades de las ciudades santuario en la región, revelando tanto los desafíos como las oportunidades y las soluciones creativas que están surgiendo en el terreno. ¿El siguiente paso? Movilización del conocimiento: llevar estos hallazgos a las manos de formuladores de políticas, líderes comunitarios y defensores que puedan transformarlos en acción.

Con planes de expandir su trabajo a República Dominicana y Brasil, buscan profundizar la conversación sobre solidaridad e integración en diversos contextos urbanos y reflexionar sobre cómo pueden ser las ciudades inclusivas.

Exploring Sanctuary Cities in Latin America: An Interview with Dr. Carolina Stefoni 

Author: Vida Carranza Capote, Immigration and Settlement Studies MA student at Toronto Metropolitan University and Research Assistant with Soli*City

Sanctuary cities have been widely discussed in North America and Europe, but how do Latin American cities approach migrant inclusion and urban solidarity? The Latin American Hub of Soli*City has been conducting extensive fieldwork across Chile, Argentina, and beyond to better understand how local governments and organizations are engaging in urban sanctuary, solidarity, and hospitality practices to accommodate vulnerable migrants and refugees.

We explore how its research aligns with themes of identity, belonging, and immigration, and what lessons can be drawn for building more inclusive urban policies. In this interview, we dive into the Hub’s ongoing research with Dr. Carolina Stefoni, a co-applicant on the Soli*City Partnership and a member of the Latin America hub.


Q: Could you give us an overview of the current projects the Latin American Hub is working on?

A: We’ve been conducting fieldwork in Santiago de Chile, focusing on different municipalities in the north and central areas. Several factors come into play regarding social coexistence. Chile does not have a formal concept of sanctuary cities, but there have been some interesting and valuable initiatives at the local government level.

We’ve been conducting qualitative interviews, which have been incredibly enriching. We’ve spoken with local governments, social organizations, and representatives from the Ministry of the Interior, who manage social programs for the migrant population at the territorial level. We’ve collected over 40 interviews, all of which have been transcribed and are currently in the coding process, which we hope to complete by March.

We’ve been conducting qualitative interviews, which have been incredibly enriching. We’ve spoken with local governments, social organizations, and representatives from the Ministry of the Interior, who manage social programs for the migrant population at the territorial level. We’ve collected over 40 interviews…

– Dr. Stefoni

At the same time, we’re collaborating with a team from FLACSO Argentina. It’s been a fascinating partnership because we’re working together and using the same interview framework in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and parts of Mendoza. In Argentina, we also gathered interviews with the same key actors: local governments, social organizations, and international organizations. These have already been transcribed, and we’re coding them using the same system, allowing us to make solid comparisons between the two countries.

Additionally, we’ve established contact with researchers in the Dominican Republic to begin working there in 2025. We plan to start after the summer break. In Brazil, we’ve also connected with a team studying sanctuary cities, and a PhD student will be traveling to Santiago to collaborate with us. The idea is that, through these connections, we can also conduct interviews in Brazil.

Q: How does the Hub’s research align with themes like identity, belonging, and immigration?

A: We’re working with migrant populations, but so far, we haven’t conducted direct interviews with migrants themselves. Instead, we’ve focused on speaking with organizations and local governments that work with these communities.

Since we don’t yet have concrete results, I can’t say for sure how issues of identity are being addressed at the local level. However, one of our key research questions is whether local governments are incorporating an intercultural perspective into their governance.

My impression is that many municipalities have specific offices dedicated to migrant affairs. These offices aim to respond to migrants’ needs, but there’s also an effort to integrate migration-related issues into broader municipal services. This creates a tension between two approaches: one that specifically addresses the needs of migrants and another that seeks to include them in general programs for the entire population.

Q: Are you focusing on specific groups within sanctuary cities, or is your approach more general?

A: Our approach varies depending on the specific territories. In Chile’s Metropolitan Region, we selected municipalities like Recoleta, which has historically received many migrants. There, we analyze the programs implemented by the local government to support this population.

We’re also studying Iquique, a key municipality in the north of the country, to examine what policies and actions are being implemented there. So, while we maintain a broad perspective on migration policies, our work zooms in on local governments to understand what is being done on the ground in these specific territories.

Q: How does the Hub’s research contribute to Soli*City’s broader mission of building sanctuary cities and urban policies?

A: We are still in a diagnostic phase, trying to understand where the situation is heading in Latin America. In Chile, for example, we’ve identified a lack of understanding about the concept of solidarity cities and how to incorporate migration at an urban level.

While Argentina and Brazil have slightly different contexts, overall, Latin American cities are still far from having structured policies for migrant inclusion. That’s why our work will be valuable in identifying what challenges have been addressed, which remain unresolved, and what strategies could be implemented in different Latin American contexts—considering that they are quite different from those in Europe, North America, or Canada.

Latin American cities are still far from having structured policies for migrant inclusion. That’s why our work will be valuable in identifying what challenges have been addressed, which remain unresolved, and what strategies could be implemented in different Latin American contexts…

– Dr. Stefoni

Q: In what ways do you think your work could contribute to community-based solutions and sanctuary city policies?

A: Latin American cities have very different dynamics compared to those in the Global North. A key factor is informality—both in the economy and in housing solutions. Rather than proposing immediate solutions, our goal is to critically examine the current approaches. The reality is that when economies are highly informal, and there’s significant job and housing insecurity, thinking about sanctuary cities requires different strategies.

On the other hand, grassroots solidarity initiatives deserve more attention—not necessarily focused on migrants but on local populations living in precarious conditions. For example, in Chile and other Latin American cities, initiatives like community kitchens became widespread during the pandemic. People come together to cook collectively, each contributing what they can, and many people are fed as a result.

There are also childcare support networks and the work of religious organizations, which have historically assisted vulnerable communities. These initiatives have traditionally targeted low-income local populations, but the key question is: How do we incorporate migrant diversity into these existing networks of solidarity?

How do we incorporate migrant diversity into these existing networks of solidarity?

– Dr. Stefoni

What I want to emphasize is that expressions of solidarity already exist in Latin America. The challenge now is figuring out how to integrate them into increasingly diverse communities. That’s a crucial topic for future discussions.


The Latin American Hub’s ongoing research is shedding light on the complexities of sanctuary cities in Latin America, uncovering both the challenges, opportunities, and creative solutions happening on the ground. Next up? Knowledge mobilization— Getting these insights into the hands of policymakers, community leaders, and advocates who can turn them into action. With plans to expand their work to the Dominican Republic and Brazil, they aim to deepen the conversation on solidarity and integration in diverse urban contexts and envision what inclusive cities can look like.